Text
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Improve extension API
C++ as better language for extension
Kouhei Sutou
ClearCode Inc.
RubyKaigi 2017
2017-09-19
Improve extension API - C++ as better language for extension
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宣伝1：Rabbitユーザーに
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Ruby用のデータ処理ツール群を提供するプロジェクト
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2日目（今日！）の午後休憩中にワークショップがあるよ！
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OSSの開発に継続的に参加する人を継続的に増やす取り組み
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OSS GateではRuby本体の開発や各種RubyGemの開発に参加
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現在は東京・札幌・大阪・京都で活動中
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これらの地域に住んでいる人は「OSS Gateワークショッ
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広島や世界中のいろんな地域で活動したい！
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OSSの開発に参加する人が増えることに興味のある人は私
に声をかけて！
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What I want to do
やりたいこと
Improve performance
with C/C++ libraries
C/C++のライブラリーを使った高速化
✓ Not create binding
バインディングを作りたいわけじゃない
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Point of improving perf
高速化するために大事なこと
Done in C/C++
as much as possible
できるだけC/C++内で完結させる
✓ Don't move between
C/C++ and Ruby
C/C++とRuby間でいったりきたりしない
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Example: #sum
例：#sum
numbers = (1..100000).to_a
# Move between C and Ruby: 25.1ms
numbers.inject(&:+)
# Done in C:
0.5ms
# 50x faster（50倍速い）
numbers.sum
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FYI: #inject(symbol)
参考情報：#inject(symbol)
numbers = (1..100000).to_a
# Move between C and Ruby: 25.1ms
numbers.inject(&:+)
# Done in C:
0.5ms
# 50x faster（50倍速い）
numbers.inject(:+)
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Extension and binding
拡張ライブラリーとバインディング
✓ Extension （拡張ライブラリー）
✓ Ruby library implemented in C
Cで実装されたRubyのライブラリー
✓ Binding （バインディング）
✓ Ruby library to use library
implemented in other languages
他言語実装のライブラリを使うためのRubyのライブラリ
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Binding usage
バインディングの使い方
✓ Export each API to Ruby
それぞれのAPIをRubyで使えるようにする
✓ Combine exported APIs in Ruby
バインディングが提供するAPIをRubyレベルで組み合わせる
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Binding usage example
バインディングの使い方例
require "cairo"
include Cairo
# Combine APIs
s = PDFSurface.new("red.pdf", 10, 10) # API
context = Context.new(s)
# API
context.set_source_color(:red)
# API
context.paint
# API
context.show_page
# API
s.finish
# API
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Point of improving perf
高速化するために大事なこと
Done in C/C++
as much as possible
できるだけC/C++内で完結させる
✓ Don't move between
C/C++ and Ruby
C/C++とRuby間でいったりきたりしない
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Perf improvement example
高速化例
# Don't combine APIs in Ruby
# RubyレベルでAPIを組み合わせない
## context.set_source_color(:red) # API
## context.paint
# API
## context.show_page
# API
# Just call higher level API in Ruby
# Rubyからはもっと高レベルなAPIを呼び出す
context.show_red_page # Implemented in C
# ここはCで実装
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What I want to do
やりたいこと
Improve performance
with C/C++ libraries
C/C++のライブラリーを使った高速化
✓ Not create binding
バインディングを作りたいわけじゃない
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Use case
高速化したい場面
✓ Machine learning
機械学習
✓ Combine array/matrix operations
配列・行列に対する演算をまとめる
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Raw C API for extension
拡張ライブラリー用の生のC API
Not bad but can be verbose
because of C
悪くないんだけどCなので冗長
✓ Need better approach
もっといい感じの方法を使いたい
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Requirements
要件
✓ Easy to use C/C++ libraries
C/C++のライブラリーを簡単に使えること
✓ Easy to write
as much as possible
できるだけ書きやすいこと
✓ Easy to debug
as much as possible
できるだけデバッグしやすいこと
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Approaches （実現方法）
✓ Extend language to support
writing extension
拡張ライブラリーを書けるように言語を拡張
✓ Not based on C
C以外の言語を使う
✓ Provide convenient API
便利APIを提供
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Recommended approach
オススメの実現方法
✓ Extend language to support
writing extension
拡張ライブラリーを書けるように言語を拡張
✓ Not based on C
C以外の言語を使う
✓ Provide convenient API
便利APIを提供
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Provide convenient API
便利なAPIを提供
✓ Rice: C++ + Ruby
✓ Ext++: C++11 + Ruby
✓ Boost.Python: C++ + Python
✓ pybind11: C++11 + Python
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Useful C++ properties
C++の便利の性質
✓ C++ can use C API directory
C++ではCのAPIを直接使える
✓ No wrapper API or libffi
ラッパーAPIもlibffiもいらない
✓ C++11 or later has many
convenient features
C++11以降には便利機能がたくさんある
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C++ convenient feature1
C++の便利機能1
Type detection with "auto"
autoで型推論（C++11）
int n = 10;
auto square = n * n;
// square's type is "int"
// squareの型は「int」
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C++ convenient feature2
C++の便利機能2
Lambda expression (C++11)
ラムダ式（C++11）
// In Ruby: ->(n) {n * n}
auto square = [](int n) {
return n * n; // Return type is detected
};
square(10); // => 100
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C++ convenient feature3
C++の便利機能3
Default argument
デフォルト引数
// In Ruby: def square(n=10)
int square(int n=10) {
return n * n;
}
// square() == square(10)
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Convenient API example1
便利なAPI例1
# Ruby: Normal
class Sample
def hello
"Hello"
end
end
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Convenient API example1
便利なAPI例1
# Ruby: No syntax sugar
Sample = Class.new do
define_method(:hello) do
"Hello"
end
end
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Convenient API example1
便利なAPI例1
// C++: Ext++
#include <ruby.hpp>
extern "C" void Init_sample(void) {
// Parent class (rb_cObject) is omittable
rb::Class("Sample"). // class Sample in Ruby
define_method("hello", // def hello in Ruby
[](VALUE self) { // ->() {"Hello"} in Ruby
return rb_str_new_static("Hello");
});
}
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Convenient API example1
便利なAPI例1
/* C */
#include <ruby.h>
static VALUE rb_sample_hello(VALUE self) {
return rb_str_new_static("Hello");
} /* ↑Definition. */
void Init_sample(void) {
/* ↓Must specify parent class. */
VALUE sample = rb_define_class("Sample", rb_cObject);
/* ↓Registration. They are separated. */
rb_define_method(sample, "hello", rb_sample_hello, 0);
}
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C++ convenient feature4
C++の便利機能4
Custom type conversion
型変換のカスタマイズ
✓ "Cast" is customizable
「キャスト」をカスタマイズできるということ
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Custom type conversion
型変換のカスタマイズ
// Wrapper class of VALUE
class Object {
public:
// def initialize(rb_object)
// @rb_object_ = rb_object
// end
Object(VALUE rb_object) : rb_object_(rb_object) {}
private:
VALUE rb_object_;
};
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Custom type conversion
型変換のカスタマイズ
class Object {
operator bool() const {
return RTEST(rb_object_);
}
};
// Object nil(Qnil); // Qnil wrapper
// if (nil) { → if (RTEST(Qnil)) {
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Custom type conversion
型変換のカスタマイズ
// Trap1（罠1）
// bool→int cast is available
// Implicit Object→bool→ int cast
// bool→intのキャストができるので
// 暗黙的にObject→bool→intとキャスト
Object(Qture) + 1; // → RTEST(Qtrue) + 1
// → 1 + 1
// → 2
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Custom type conversion
型変換のカスタマイズ
class Object {
// Deny explicit cast (C++11)
// 暗黙のキャストを禁止（C++11）
explicit operator bool() const {
return RTEST(rb_object_);
}
};
// Object(Qtrue) + 1; // → Compile error
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Custom type conversion
型変換のカスタマイズ
// Trap2（罠2）
class Object {
public:
// Used as implicit VALUE→Object cast
// 暗黙のVALUE→Objectキャストに使われる
Object(VALUE rb_object);
};
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Custom type conversion
型変換のカスタマイズ
// Trap2（罠2）
// VALUE is just a number（VALUEはただの数値）
typedef unsigned long VALUE;
Object identify(Object x) {return x;}
// Implicit VALUE→Object cast
// 暗黙的にVALUE→Objectとキャスト
identify(100); // == identify(Object(100));
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Custom type conversion
型変換のカスタマイズ
class Object {
// Deny explicit cast
// 暗黙のキャストを禁止
explicit Object(VALUE rb_object);
};
// identify(100); // → Compile error
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Custom type conversion
型変換のカスタマイズ
class Object {
operator VALUE() const {return rb_object_;}
};
// Convenient（便利）
rb_p(Object(Qnil)); // → rb_p(Qnil);
// Not compile error. Hmm...
Object(Qnil) + 1;
// → Qnil + 1;
// → 8 + 1;
// → 9;
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C++ convenient feature5
C++の便利機能5
Template and specialization
テンプレートと特殊化
✓
Consistent cast API
一貫性のあるキャストAPIに使える
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Consistent cast API
一貫性のあるキャストAPI
namespace rb {
// Consistent cast API
// Example: rb::cast<int32_t>(Object(NUM2INT(10));
// Example: rb::cast<Object>(10);
// FYI: C++ cast syntax: static_cast<TYPE>(expression)
template <typename RETURN_TYPE,
typename ARGUMENT_TYPE>
inline RETURN_TYPE cast(ARGUMENT_TYPE object);
}
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Consistent cast API
一貫性のあるキャストAPI
template <> // rb::cast<int32_t>(Object(NUM2INT(10));
inline int32_t cast<int32_t, Object>(Object rb_object) {
return NUM2INT(rb_object);
}
template <> // rb::cast<Object>(10);
inline Object cast<Object, int32_t>(int32_t n) {
return Object(INT2NUM(n));
}
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Consistent cast API
一貫性のあるキャストAPI
// rb::cast<const char *>(Object(rb_str_new_cstr("X"));
template <> inline
const char *cast<const char *, Object>(Object rb_object) {
VALUE rb_object_raw = rb_object;
return StringValueCStr(rb_object_raw);
}
template <> inline // rb::cast<Object>("hello");
Object cast<Object, const char *>(const char *c_string) {
return Object(rb_str_new_cstr(c_string));
}
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C++ convenient feature6
C++の便利機能6
Initializer list (C++11)
初期化リスト（C++11）
✓ "{A,B,...}" is customizable
「{A, B, ...}」をカスタマイズできる
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Initializer list
初期化リスト
Object Object::send(
ID name_id,
std::initializer_list<VALUE> args);
// Ruby: "hello".send(:tr, "e", "E")
Object(rb_str_new_cstr("hello")).
send(rb_intern("tr"),
{rb_str_new_cstr("e"),
rb_str_new_cstr("E")});
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Initializer list
初期化リスト
Object Object::send(
ID name_id,
std::initializer_list<VALUE> args,
VALUE (*block)(VALUE data));
// Ruby: array.send(:collect) {true}
Object(array).
send(rb_intern("collect"),
{}, // Clear API than variable arguments
[](VALUE data) {return Qtrue;});
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Convenient API example2
便利なAPI例2
// C++: Ext++
rb::Object(rb_n).
send("step",
// Implicit Object→VALUE cast
{rb::cast<rb::Object>(10)},
[](VALUE i) {return rb_p(i)});
// n.step(10) {|i| p i}
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Convenient API example3
便利なAPI例3
// C++: Rice
#include <rice/Class.hpp>
static const char * // Not VALUE! (Auto convert)
rb_sample_hello(Rice::Object self) {
return "Hello";
}
extern "C" void Init_sample() {
Rice::define_class("Sample").
define_method("hello", &rb_sample_hello);
}
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C++ based API: Pros1
C++ベースのAPI：長所1
Easier to write than C
Cより書きやすい
✓ Require C++11 or later
C++11以降なら
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C++ based API: Pros2
C++ベースのAPI：長所2
Easy to use for C API users
既存のC APIを使っている人なら使いやすい
✓ Use C directly incl macro
マクロも含めてCの機能を直接使える
✓ Don't need to migrate to all
convenient API at once
一気に書き換えるのではなく徐々に移行できる
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C++ based API: Pros3
C++ベースのAPI：長所3
Easy to debug for C API users
既存のC APIを使っている人ならデバッグしやすい
✓ Can use GDB/LLDB directly
GDB/LLDBを直接使える
✓ GDB/LLDB have built-in C++ support
GDB/LLDBは組み込みでC++をサポート
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C++ based API: Pros4
C++ベースのAPI：長所4
Easy to optimize
最適化しやすい
✓ [Feature #13434] better
method definition in C API
Cのメソッド定義APIの改良
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Better method definition
メソッド定義の改良
✓ Metadata for optimization
最適化のためにメタデータを付与
✓ e.g.: Reduce memory allocations
例：メモリーアロケーションを減らす
✓ Lazy method definition
必要になるまでメソッド定義を遅らせる
✓ e.g.: Reduce start-up time
例：起動時間の高速化
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Argument metadata
引数のメタデータ
class Hello
# Default argument is just for
# example. Other metadata will
# be more useful for optimization.
def hello(name, message="world")
end
end
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Argument metadata
引数のメタデータ
// C++: Rice
cHello.
define_method(
"hello",
&hello,
(Rice::Arg("name"), // ↓Default
Rice::Arg("message")="world"));
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Lazy method definition
遅延メソッド定義
class X
def a; end # Not define yet
def b; end # Not define yet
end
x = X.new
x.a # Define #a and #b
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Lazy method definition
遅延メソッド定義
/* One of new C API ideas */
struct rb_method_entries entries[] = {
"a", ...,
"b", ...,
};
/* The definitions aren't defined at once. */
/* They are defined when the next method call. */
rb_define_method_with_table(rb_cX, entries);
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Lazy method definition
遅延メソッド定義
// C++ implementation sample
{
rb::Class("X").
// Don't call rb_define_method() yet.
define_method("a", ...).
// Don't call rb_define_method() yet.
define_method("b", ...);
// Destructor is called.
// Call rb_define_method_with_table()
// in destructor.
}
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Lazy method definition
遅延メソッド定義
// Ext++ implementation is just for test
rb::Class("X").
// Call rb_define_method() immediately.
define_method("a", ...).
// Don't call rb_define_method() in
// the following define_method()s.
enable_lazy_define_method().
// Don't call rb_define_method() yet.
define_method("b", ...);
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Lazy method definition
遅延メソッド定義
# Define only benchmark code in Ruby.
# Benchmark target code is in C++.
n = 10000
Bench = Class.new do
n.times do |i|
define_method("method#{i}") do
end
end
end
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Lazy method definition
遅延メソッド定義
# Call benchmark code in Ruby.
# Benchmark target code is in C++.
n = 10000
bench = Bench.new
n.times do |i|
bench.__send__("method#{i}")
end
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Lazy method definition
遅延メソッド定義
Type
Normal
Lazy
Define only
5ms
1ms
Called
5ms
5ms
5x faster when any methods
aren't called
メソッドが呼ばれなければ5倍速い
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C++ based API: Cons1
C++ベースのAPI：短所1
C++ is difficult
C++は難しい
✓ e.g.: Template
たとえばテンプレート
✓ Easy to write unreadable code
簡単にリーダブルじゃないコードを書ける
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C++ based API: Cons2
C++ベースのAPI：短所2
Slower build
ビルドが遅い
✓ It may reduce try&error cycle
試行錯誤しにくくなるかも
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C++ based API: Problem
C++ベースのAPI：課題
Exception
例外
✓ Ruby exception breaks C++
RAII (destructor)
(Resource Acquisition Is Initialization)
Rubyの例外発生→C++のRAII（デストラクター）が動かない
✓ Because it uses setjmp/longjmp
Rubyの例外はsetjmp/longjmpを使っているから
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Exception: Solution
例外：解決法
1. Rescue Ruby exception
Rubyの例外をrescue
2. Throw C++ exception
C++の例外にしてthrow
3. Re-raise the Ruby exception
安全な場所でRubyの例外を再raise
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Conclusion
まとめ
✓ C++ based API is useful
C++ベースのAPIは便利
✓ For writing ext uses C/C++ library
C/C++のライブラリを使う拡張ライブラリを書くとき
✓ For optimizing w/ easy to use API
例：使いやすいAPIを維持したまま最適化するとき
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Appendix
付録
Introduce easy to write
extension approaches
拡張ライブラリーを簡単に実装する方法を紹介
✓ The following contents are
used only when time is
remained
以降の内容は時間が残っている場合だけ使う
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Approaches （実現方法）
✓ Extend language to support
writing extension
拡張ライブラリーを書けるように言語を拡張
✓ Not based on C
C以外の言語を使う
✓ Provide convenient API
便利APIを提供
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Extend language
言語を拡張
✓ Rubex: Extended Ruby
Rubex：Rubyを拡張
✓ Cython: Extended Python
Cython：Pythonを拡張
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How to run
動かし方
✓ Translate extension code to C
拡張言語で書かれたコードをCにコンパイル
✓ Compile C code
コンパイルされたCコードをビルド
✓ Load the built extension
ビルドした拡張ライブラリーを読み込む
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Extended syntax
拡張された構文
✓ Type information
型情報を書ける
✓ C code snippet
Cのコードを書ける
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How to run: Rubex
Rubexの動かし方
# fibonacci.rubex
class Fibonacci
# "int" is type information
def compute(int n)
# ...
end
end
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How to run: Rubex
Rubexの動かし方
%
%
%
%
rubex fibonacci.rubex
cd fibonacci
ruby extconf.rb
make
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How to run: Rubex
Rubexの動かし方
require_relative "fibonacci.so"
p Fibonacci.new.compute(100)
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Extend language: Pros1
拡張言語：長所1
Friendly syntax for
base language users
ベースの言語のユーザーにはなじみやすい構文
✓ Most syntax is the same
構文の大部分は同じだから
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Extend language: Pros2
拡張言語：長所2
Easy to migrate from base lang
ベースの言語からの移行が容易
✓ Because upward compatibility
上位互換だから
✓ Code for base language works
without modification
ベースの言語で書かれたコードは変更なしで動く
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Extend language: Pros3
拡張言語：長所3
Doesn't require much C knowledge
そんなにCの知識は必要ない
✓ Most code can be written with
base language knowledge
コードの大部分はベースの言語の知識で書ける
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Extend language: Cons1
拡張言語：短所1
You realize that it's not
friendly syntax when you use it
使うとそんなになじみやすい文法ではないと気づく
✓ Small differences will
confuse you
小さな違いがいろいろあってわかりにくい
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Extend language: Cons2
拡張言語：短所2
Difficult to debug
デバッグが難しい
✓ Need base language, extend
language and C knowledge
ベースの言語の知識も拡張言語の知識もCの知識も必要
Cython has GDB integration to solve this problem
Cythonはこの問題を解決するためにGDB用の便利機能を提供
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Extend language: Cons3
拡張言語：短所2
Hard to maintain
(For maintainers, not for users)
（ユーザーではなくメンテナーが）メンテナンスが大変
✓ Base language introduces a
new syntax then extend
language should implement it
ベースの言語が新しい構文を導入→拡張言語でも実装
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Not based on C
C言語以外をベースにする
✓ JRuby: Java + Ruby
✓ Helix: Rust + Ruby
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How to run: JRuby
JRubyでの動かし方
// Fibonacci.java
public class Fibonacci {
public long[] compute(int n) {
// ...
}
}
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How to run: JRuby
JRubyでの動かし方
% javac Fibonacci.java
% jar cf fibonacci.jar Fibonacci.class
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How to run: JRuby
JRubyでの動かし方
require "fibonacci.jar"
java_import "Fibonacci"
p Fibonacci.new.compute(100)
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Not based on C: Pros1
C言語以外をベースにする：長所1
Easier to write than C
Cより書きやすい
✓ Simpler syntax
洗練された構文
✓ Rich features compared to C
Cより機能が多い
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Not based on C: Pros2
C言語以外をベースにする：長所2
Can use libraries
in base language
ベース言語のライブラリーを使える
✓ Major languages have many libs
広く使われている言語はライブラリーも多い
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Not based on C: Cons1
C言語以外をベースにする：短所1
Need base language knowledge
ベース言語の知識が必要
✓ Java for JRuby （JRubyならJava）
✓ Rust for Helix （HelixならRust）
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Not based on C: Cons2
C言語以外をベースにする：短所2
May need C knowledge
(When Ruby implementation is MRI)
Rubyの実装がMRIならCの知識が必要かもしれない
✓ Base language wraps Ruby C API
ベースの言語はRubyのC APIをラップしている
✓ e.g.: sys::RSTRING_PTR on Helix
例：Helixならsys::RSTRING_PTRがラップしたAPI
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Not based on C: Cons3
C言語以外をベースにする：短所3
Hard to maintain
(When Ruby implementation is MRI)
Rubyの実装がMRIならメンテナンスが大変かも
✓ Ruby introduces a new API
then base language may need
to implement it
Rubyが新しいAPIを追加→ベース言語でも実装？
✓ e.g.: rb_gc_adjust_memory_usage()
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Provide convenient API
便利なAPIを提供
✓ Rice: C++ + Ruby
✓ Ext++: C++11 + Ruby
✓ Boost.Python: C++ + Python
✓ pybind11: C++11 + Python
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How to run: Rice
Riceの動かし方
#include <rice/Class.hpp>
static const char * // Not VALUE!
rb_sample_hello(Rice::Object self) {
return "Hello";
}
extern "C" void Init_sample() {
Rice::define_class("Sample").
define_method("hello", &rb_sample_hello);
}
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How to run: Rice
Riceの動かし方
# extconf.rb
require "mkmf-rice"
create_makefile("sample")
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How to run: Rice
Riceの動かし方
% ruby extconf.rb
% make
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How to run: Rice
Riceの動かし方
require_relative "sample.so"
p Sample.new.hello
# => "Hello"
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Provide C++ API: Pros
C++ APIを提供：長所
Omit
省略
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Provide C++ API: Cons
C++ APIを提供：短所
Omit
省略
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Provide C++ API: ConsN
C++ APIを提供：短所N
Conv from Ruby may be a bother
Ruby実装の移植が面倒
✓ C++ with convenient Ruby C
API needs more code than Ruby
RubyのC APIにC++の便利APIがあっても
Rubyよりもたくさんコードが必要
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From Ruby: Rice
RubyからRiceに移植
def fib(n)
prev = 1
current = 1
1.step(n - 1).collect do
prev, current = current, current + prev
prev
end
end
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From Ruby: Rice
RubyからRiceに移植
std::vector<uint64_t> fib(Rice::Object self, int n) {
uint64_t prev = 1, current = 1;
std::vector<uint64_t> numbers;
for (int i = 1; i < n; ++i) {
auto temp = current; current += prev; prev = temp;
numbers.push_back(prev);
}
return numbers;
}
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