Text
Page: 1
pico
ruby
Episode Ⅱ
ATTACK OF THE RAKE
Ruby Association Grant 2021 Report
hasumikin>&Monstarlab
July 12, 2022
Page: 2
Episode Ⅱ
ATTACK OF THE RAKE
It is a patient time to the PicoRuby. Although the PRK
Firmware has been released and it brought the First Prize of
the Fukuoka Ruby Award and a Final nomination to the Ruby
Prize, problems are piling up such as a lack of syntax rules
and an inconsistent build system with mruby.
Hasumikin, an apprentice to a Rubyist, is strugglingly writing
the compiler to compile mrblib of mruby under the coaching
of Master MATZ to restore freedom to the micon galaxy....
Page: 3
What happened in Episode Ⅰ
Page: 4
What happened in Episode Ⅰ
PicoRuby compiler for one-chip microcontrollers
Page: 5
What happened between Episode Ⅰ & Ⅱ
Page: 6
What happened between Episode Ⅰ & Ⅱ
Page: 7
What happened between Episode Ⅰ & Ⅱ
Page: 8
What happened between Episode Ⅰ & Ⅱ
Page: 9
What happened between Episode Ⅰ & Ⅱ
Page: 10
What happened between Episode Ⅰ & Ⅱ
kbd = Keyboard.new
kbd.init_pins(
[ 29, 28, 27, 26, 22, 20, 23 ],
[ 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
)
kbd.add_layer :default, %i[
KC_ESCAPE KC_Q
KC_W
KC_E
KC_TAB
KC_A
KC_S
KC_D
KC_LSFT KC_Z
KC_X
KC_C
KC_NO
]
kbd.add_layer :raise, %i[
KC_GRAVE KC_EXLM KC_AT KC_HASH
KC_TAB
KC_LABK KC_LCBR KC_LBRACKET
KC_LSFT KC_RABK KC_RCBR KC_RBRACKET
KC_NO
]
KC_R
KC_F
KC_V
KC_LALT KC_T
KC_G
KC_B
KC_LCTL
KC_Y
KC_H
KC_NO
KC_NO
KC_N
LOWER_SPC RAISE_ENT SPC_CTL
KC_DLR
KC_LPRN
KC_RPRN
KC_LALT KC_PERC
KC_QUOTE
KC_DQUO KC_NO
KC_LCTL ADJUST
kbd.define_composite_key :SPC_CTL, %i[KC_SPACE KC_RCTL]
kbd.define_mode_key :RAISE_ENT, [ :KC_ENTER, :raise, 150, 150 ]
rgb = RGB.new(0, 9, 0, false)
rgb.effect = :breath
kbd.append rgb
kbd.output_report_changed do |output|
rgb.hue = (output & Keyboard::LED_CAPSLOCK > 0) ? 100 : 0
end
kbd.start!
KC_CIRC
KC_LEFT
KC_NO
KC_TILD
RAISE_ENT SPC_CTL
KC_U
KC_J
KC_M
KC_RGUI KC_I
KC_O
KC_K
KC_L
KC_COMMA KC_DOT
KC_NO
KC_P
KC_MINUS
KC_SCOLON KC_BSPACE
KC_SLASH KC_RSFT
KC_AMPR
KC_DOWN
KC_BSLASH
KC_RGUI KC_ASTER KC_LPRN KC_RPRN KC_EQUAL
KC_UP
KC_RIGHT KC_UNDS KC_PIPE
KC_COMMA KC_DOT KC_SLASH KC_RSFT
BOOTSEL
Page: 11
What happened between Episode Ⅰ & Ⅱ
PRK Firmware
Compiling and applying a `keymap.rb` on a microcontroller
without rebooting
Page: 12
What happened between Episode Ⅰ & Ⅱ
PRK Firmware
Compiling and applying a `keymap.rb` on a microcontroller
without rebooting
IRB in keyboard
Any text editor becomes an IRB
Page: 13
What happened between Episode Ⅰ & Ⅱ
PRK Firmware
Compiling and applying a `keymap.rb` on a microcontroller
without rebooting
IRB in keyboard
Any text editor becomes an IRB
Presentations available on YouTube
Japanese -> RubyKaigi Takeout 2021
English -> RubyConf 2021
Page: 14
Targets in Episode Ⅱ
Page: 15
Targets in Episode Ⅱ
Rake
Integrating PicoRuby with mruby's build system
Page: 16
Targets in Episode Ⅱ
Rake
Integrating PicoRuby with mruby's build system
Syntax
Improving parser and generator to compile mrblib
Page: 17
Targets in Episode Ⅱ
Rake
Integrating PicoRuby with mruby's build system
Syntax
Improving parser and generator to compile mrblib
Presym
Embedding mrblib in ROM
Page: 18
Targets in Episode Ⅱ
Rake
Integrating PicoRuby with mruby's build system
Syntax
Improving parser and generator to compile mrblib
Presym
Embedding mrblib in ROM
MicroRuby
PicoRuby compiler + mruby VM
Page: 20
Rake
mruby takes advandage of Rake to be built
Fairly complicated (for me)
Too hard to migrate to Make (at least I can't)
Page: 21
Rake
mruby takes advandage of Rake to be built
Fairly complicated (for me)
Too hard to migrate to Make (at least I can't)
PicoRuby used to use Make
PicoRuby compiler can't be integrated with mruby as it is
Should be "Rakenized"
Page: 22
Rake
Build process of mruby
libmruby_core.a
Includes mruby-compiler and murby's core objects implemented in C
Page: 23
Rake
Build process of mruby
libmruby_core.a
Includes mruby-compiler and murby's core objects implemented in C
mrbc
An executable of mruby-compiler
Page: 24
Rake
Build process of mruby
libmruby_core.a
Includes mruby-compiler and murby's core objects implemented in C
mrbc
An executable of mruby-compiler
mrblib.c
From `mrblib/*.rb`
Page: 25
Rake
Build process of mruby
libmruby_core.a
Includes mruby-compiler and murby's core objects implemented in C
mrbc
An executable of mruby-compiler
mrblib.c
From `mrblib/*.rb`
libmruby.a
Core objects, mrblib, mruby-compiler and mrbgems
Page: 26
Rake
Build process of mruby
libmruby_core.a
Includes mruby-compiler and murby's core objects implemented in C
mrbc
An executable of mruby-compiler
mrblib.c
From `mrblib/*.rb`
libmruby.a
Core objects, mrblib, mruby-compiler and mrbgems
mruby and mirb
Page: 27
Rakenized PicoRuby
picoruby/
├─Rakefile
# modified `mruby/Rakefile`
├─bin/
├─build/
├─build_config/
├─include/
├─lib/
# cp from `mruby/lib`
└─mrbgems/
├─ mruby-bin-picoirb/
├─ mruby-bin-picorbc/
├─ mruby-bin-picoruby/
├─ mruby-mrubyc/
└─ mruby-pico-compiler/
Page: 29
Syntax
As of Episode Ⅰ, PicoRuby has minimum syntax rules to
implement PRK Firmware
Page: 30
Syntax
As of Episode Ⅰ, PicoRuby has minimum syntax rules to
implement PRK Firmware
It's not enough to compile mrblib
Page: 31
Syntax
As of Episode Ⅰ, PicoRuby has minimum syntax rules to
implement PRK Firmware
It's not enough to compile mrblib
mrblib?
Page: 32
Syntax
mruby/
└─mrblib/
├─ 00class.rb
├─ 10error.rb
├─ array.rb
├─ compar.rb
├─ enum.rb
├─ hash.rb
├─ kernel.rb
├─ numeric.rb
├─ range.rb
├─ string.rb
└─ symbol.rb
Page: 33
Syntax added
Singleton method
rescue-else-ensure-retry and rescue modifier
Reswords (keyword as an identifier). eg) `next`
Mass assignment
Splat `*args` `**args`
Assignable `p = p; p p #=> nil`
`-2 ** 2 #=> -4`
etc.
Page: 35
Presym
mruby 3.0 introduced preallocated symbols to save RAM
Presym is created in compilation time and located in ROM
Page: 36
Presym
mruby 3.0 introduced preallocated symbols to save RAM
Presym is created in compilation time and located in ROM
From the compiler's point of view, presym is a described
IREP
Page: 37
Presym
mruby 3.0 introduced preallocated symbols to save RAM
Presym is created in compilation time and located in ROM
From the compiler's point of view, presym is a described
IREP
IREP: Internal representation
One IREP corresponds to a "Proc" in Ruby script
Page: 38
Presym
class MyClass
def my_method(ary = [])
ary.each { |e| do_something }
end
end
This Ruby script has four IREPs ("Procs") nested.
Page: 39
Presym
#include <mruby.h>
#include <mruby/proc.h>
#include <mruby/presym.h>
#define mrb_BRACED(...) {__VA_ARGS__}
#define mrb_DEFINE_SYMS_VAR(name, len, syms, qualifier) \
static qualifier mrb_sym name[len] = mrb_BRACED syms
static const mrb_code mrblib_proc_iseq_20[24] = {
0x35,0x04,0x00,0x00,0x14,0x03,0x01,0x04,0x01,0x43,0x03,0x27,0x03,0x00,0x05,0x16,0x03,0x25,0x00,0x02,0x15,0x03,0x39,0x03,};
mrb_DEFINE_SYMS_VAR(mrblib_proc_lv_20, 2, (MRB_SYM(other), MRB_OPSYM(and), ), const);
static const mrb_irep mrblib_proc_irep_20 = {
3,6,0,
MRB_IREP_STATIC,mrblib_proc_iseq_20,
NULL,NULL,NULL,
mrblib_proc_lv_20,
NULL,
/* debug_info */
24,0,0,0,0
};
static const mrb_irep *mrblib_proc_reps_1[1] = {
&mrblib_proc_irep_20,
};
mrb_DEFINE_SYMS_VAR(mrblib_proc_syms_1, 1, (MRB_OPSYM(neq), ), const);
static const mrb_code mrblib_proc_iseq_1[13] = {
0x68,0x01,0x5b,0x02,0x00,0x64,0x01,0x00,0x11,0x01,0x00,0x39,0x01,};
static const mrb_irep mrblib_proc_irep_1 = {
1,3,0,
MRB_IREP_STATIC,mrblib_proc_iseq_1,
NULL,mrblib_proc_syms_1,mrblib_proc_reps_1,
NULL,
/* lv */
NULL,
/* debug_info */
13,0,1,1,0
};
// ... goes on
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Presym
/* Program data array struct */
typedef struct mrb_irep {
uint16_t nlocals;
/* Number of local variables */
uint16_t nregs;
/* Number of register variables */
uint16_t clen;
/* Number of catch handlers */
uint8_t flags;
const mrb_code *iseq;
/*
* A catch handler table is placed after the iseq entity.
* The reason it doesn't add fields to the structure is to keep the mrb_irep structure from bloating.
* The catch handler table can be obtained with `mrb_irep_catch_handler_table(irep)`.
*/
const mrb_pool_value *pool;
const mrb_sym *syms;
const struct mrb_irep * const *reps;
const mrb_sym *lv;
/* debug info */
struct mrb_irep_debug_info* debug_info;
uint32_t ilen;
uint16_t plen, slen;
uint16_t rlen;
uint16_t refcnt;
} mrb_irep;
Page: 41
Presym
typedef struct scope {
uint32_t irep_parameters; /* bbb */
uint32_t nest_stack; /* Initial: 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001 */
Scope *upper;
Scope *first_lower;
Scope *next;
bool lvar_top;
uint16_t next_lower_number;
uint16_t nlowers; /* irep.rlen in mruby/c (num of child IREP block) */
CodePool *first_code_pool;
CodePool *current_code_pool;
unsigned int nlocals;
Symbol *symbol;
Lvar *lvar;
Literal *literal;
GenLiteral *gen_literal; /* Exceptional literals in generator */
unsigned int sp;
uint32_t ilen; /* irep length */
uint16_t slen; /* symbol length */
uint16_t plen; /* pool length */
uint16_t clen; /* exception handler length */
uint16_t vm_code_size;
uint8_t *vm_code;
BreakStack *break_stack;
RetryStack *retry_stack;
AssignSymbol *last_assign_symbol;
Backpatch *backpatch; /* for backpatching of JMP label */
int nargs_before_splat;
uint8_t gen_splat_status;
uint8_t gen_array_status;
uint8_t gen_array_count;
ExcHandler *exc_handler;
} Scope;
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MicroRuby
# mruby/build_config/microruby.rb
MRuby::Build.new do |conf|
conf.toolchain
conf.mrbcfile = "#{conf.build_dir}/bin/picorbc"
conf.gem git: "https://github.com/hasumikin/mruby-bin-picorbc.git", branch: "master"
conf.gem git: "https://github.com/hasumikin/mruby-pico-compiler.git", branch: "master"
conf.gem git: "https://github.com/hasumikin/mruby-bin-microruby.git", branch: "master"
conf.gem core: "mruby-print"
conf.cc.defines << "MICRORUBY"
conf.cc.defines << "NDEBUG"
conf.cc.defines << "MRBC_ALLOC_LIBC"
conf.cc.defines << "REGEX_USE_ALLOC_LIBC"
end
cd mruby && git checkout 3.0.0
MRUBY_CONFIG=microruby rake
Page: 44
MicroRuby
Build process of MicroRuby
libmruby_core.a
Doesn't include an mruby-related object
Page: 45
MicroRuby
Build process of MicroRuby
libmruby_core.a
Doesn't include an mruby-related object
picorbc
An executable of picoruby-compiler
Page: 46
MicroRuby
Build process of MicroRuby
libmruby_core.a
Doesn't include an mruby-related object
picorbc
An executable of picoruby-compiler
mrblib.c
From `mrblib/*.rb` compiled by picorbc
Page: 47
MicroRuby
Build process of MicroRuby
libmruby_core.a
Doesn't include an mruby-related object
picorbc
An executable of picoruby-compiler
mrblib.c
From `mrblib/*.rb` compiled by picorbc
libmruby.a
Core objects of mruby, mrblib and picoruby-compiler
Page: 48
MicroRuby
Build process of MicroRuby
libmruby_core.a
Doesn't include an mruby-related object
picorbc
An executable of picoruby-compiler
mrblib.c
From `mrblib/*.rb` compiled by picorbc
libmruby.a
Core objects of mruby, mrblib and picoruby-compiler
microruby executable
microirb, not yet
Page: 52
massif
$ valgrind
--tool=massif
--stacks=yes
path/to/(mruby|microrby|picoruby)
-e 'puts "Hello World"'
$ ms_print massif.out.xxx | less
\
\
\
\
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massif
mruby -e 'puts "Hello World"'
KB
136.1^
#
|
#
|
#
|
#
|
#
|
@#
|
@#
|
@#
|
@::::@:::::@#:
|
@@@@:@@::::@:::::@#:
|
::@:::::@:::::@::@@@@:@@::::@:::::@#:
|
:@:::@:::::::@:@:::::@:::::@::@@@@:@@::::@:::::@#:
|
@@@::::::::@:::@:::::: @:@:::::@:::::@::@@@@:@@::::@:::::@#:
|
@ ::::::::@:::@:::::: @:@:::::@:::::@::@@@@:@@::::@:::::@#:
|
@ ::::::::@:::@:::::: @:@:::::@:::::@::@@@@:@@::::@:::::@#:
|
@ ::::::::@:::@:::::: @:@:::::@:::::@::@@@@:@@::::@:::::@#:
|
@ ::::::::@:::@:::::: @:@:::::@:::::@::@@@@:@@::::@:::::@#:
|
@ ::::::::@:::@:::::: @:@:::::@:::::@::@@@@:@@::::@:::::@#:
|
@ ::::::::@:::@:::::: @:@:::::@:::::@::@@@@:@@::::@:::::@#:
|
@ ::::::::@:::@:::::: @:@:::::@:::::@::@@@@:@@::::@:::::@#:
0 +----------------------------------------------------------------------->Mi
0
1.160
Page: 54
massif
microruby -e 'puts "Hello World"'
KB
88.05^
:
|
@ :::#:::
|
:::::::@:::::#:::
|
::::: ::: @:::::#:::
|
:@@:@@:@@:@::::: :: ::: @:::::#:::
|
:::::@ :@@:@ :@::::: :: ::: @:::::#:::
|
:@@:@@:::::::: :@ :@@:@ :@::::: :: ::: @:::::#:::
|
@@@:::::::::@ :@ :: : ::: :@ :@@:@ :@::::: :: ::: @:::::#:::
|
@ :: : :: :@ :@ :: : ::: :@ :@@:@ :@::::: :: ::: @:::::#:::
|
@ :: : :: :@ :@ :: : ::: :@ :@@:@ :@::::: :: ::: @:::::#:::
|
@ :: : :: :@ :@ :: : ::: :@ :@@:@ :@::::: :: ::: @:::::#:::
|
@ :: : :: :@ :@ :: : ::: :@ :@@:@ :@::::: :: ::: @:::::#:::
|
@ :: : :: :@ :@ :: : ::: :@ :@@:@ :@::::: :: ::: @:::::#:::
|
@ :: : :: :@ :@ :: : ::: :@ :@@:@ :@::::: :: ::: @:::::#:::
|
@ :: : :: :@ :@ :: : ::: :@ :@@:@ :@::::: :: ::: @:::::#:::
|
@ :: : :: :@ :@ :: : ::: :@ :@@:@ :@::::: :: ::: @:::::#:::
|
@ :: : :: :@ :@ :: : ::: :@ :@@:@ :@::::: :: ::: @:::::#:::
|
@ :: : :: :@ :@ :: : ::: :@ :@@:@ :@::::: :: ::: @:::::#:::
|
@ :: : :: :@ :@ :: : ::: :@ :@@:@ :@::::: :: ::: @:::::#:::
|
@ :: : :: :@ :@ :: : ::: :@ :@@:@ :@::::: :: ::: @:::::#:::
0 +----------------------------------------------------------------------->Mi
0
1.174
Page: 55
massif
picoruby -e 'puts "Hello World"'
KB
10.86^
#
|
#
|
#
|
#
|
@@
#
|
::@ ::@:#
|
::@ ::@:#
|
@
::@ ::@:#
|
@
::@ ::@:#
|
@
::@ ::@:#
|
@
::@ ::@:#
|
@
::: ::@ ::@:#
|
@
::::
::@ ::@:#
|
@
:: :: :::@ ::@:#:
|
@::::
::: :: ::::@ ::@:#:
|
@: ::
:::: :: ::::@ ::@:#:
|
@: ::
:::: :: ::::@ ::@:#:
|
@: ::
:
:
::
:::: :: ::::@ ::@:#:
|
@: ::
::::::::::::::::@::::::::::@:: :: ::::: :: ::::@ ::@:#:
|
@: :::::::: ::::::: :::: :@: ::: ::: @:: :: ::::: :: ::::@ ::@:#:
0 +----------------------------------------------------------------------->ki
0
285.0
Page: 56
massif
# (mruby|microruby|picoruby) \
# -e 'puts "Hello World"'
------------------------------------
mruby
MicroRuby
PicoRuby
====================================
136.1 KB
88.05 KB
10.86 KB
------------------------------------
(Note)
All the figures on 64-bit architecture with glibc
They're probably 25-35% smaller on 32-bit
Page: 58
Episode Ⅲ?
Struct "mrb_context" now bothers me
Holds information like local variables so to IRB work
Page: 59
Episode Ⅲ?
Struct "mrb_context" now bothers me
Holds information like local variables so to IRB work
Hard to handle due to intricate dependency among mrb_state,
mrb_context and mrb_irep
Page: 60
Episode Ⅲ?
Struct "mrb_context" now bothers me
Holds information like local variables so to IRB work
Hard to handle due to intricate dependency among mrb_state,
mrb_context and mrb_irep
PicoRuby compiler doesn't want to include mruby's header files
Page: 61
Episode Ⅲ?
Struct "mrb_context" now bothers me
Holds information like local variables so to IRB work
Hard to handle due to intricate dependency among mrb_state,
mrb_context and mrb_irep
PicoRuby compiler doesn't want to include mruby's header files
Possible solutions:
1. Fixing mruby
2. Fixing PicoRuby compiler to make an IREP that can be
cast into mrb_irep
Page: 62
THE IREP
STRIKES BACK
Page: 64
may the source
be with you
![](38.png "Presym
#include <mruby.h>
#include <mruby/proc.h>
#include <mruby/presym.h>
#define mrb_BRACED(...) {__VA_ARGS__}
#define mrb_DEFINE_SYMS_VAR(name, len, syms, qualifier) \
static qualifier mrb_sym name[len] = mrb_BRACED syms
static const mrb_code mrblib_proc_iseq_20[24] = {
0x35,0x04,0x00,0x00,0x14,0x03,0x01,0x04,0x01,0x43,0x03,0x27,0x03,0x00,0x05,0x16,0x03,0x25,0x00,0x02,0x15,0x03,0x39,0x03,};
mrb_DEFINE_SYMS_VAR(mrblib_proc_lv_20, 2, (MRB_SYM(other), MRB_OPSYM(and), ), const);
static const mrb_irep mrblib_proc_irep_20 = {
3,6,0,
MRB_IREP_STATIC,mrblib_proc_iseq_20,
NULL,NULL,NULL,
mrblib_proc_lv_20,
NULL,
/* debug_info */
24,0,0,0,0
};
static const mrb_irep *mrblib_proc_reps_1[1] = {
&mrblib_proc_irep_20,
};
mrb_DEFINE_SYMS_VAR(mrblib_proc_syms_1, 1, (MRB_OPSYM(neq), ), const);
static const mrb_code mrblib_proc_iseq_1[13] = {
0x68,0x01,0x5b,0x02,0x00,0x64,0x01,0x00,0x11,0x01,0x00,0x39,0x01,};
static const mrb_irep mrblib_proc_irep_1 = {
1,3,0,
MRB_IREP_STATIC,mrblib_proc_iseq_1,
NULL,mrblib_proc_syms_1,mrblib_proc_reps_1,
NULL,
/* lv */
NULL,
/* debug_info */
13,0,1,1,0
};
// ... goes on")
![](51.png "massif
$ valgrind
--tool=massif
--stacks=yes
path/to/(mruby|microrby|picoruby)
-e 'puts \"Hello World\"'
$ ms_print massif.out.xxx | less
\
\
\
\")
![](55.png "massif
# (mruby|microruby|picoruby) \
# -e 'puts \"Hello World\"'
------------------------------------
mruby
MicroRuby
PicoRuby
====================================
136.1 KB
88.05 KB
10.86 KB
------------------------------------
(Note)
All the figures on 64-bit architecture with glibc
They're probably 25-35% smaller on 32-bit")
![](mini-38.png "Presym
#include <mruby.h>
#include <mruby/proc.h>
#include <mruby/presym.h>
#define mrb_BRACED(...) {__VA_ARGS__}
#define mrb_DEFINE_SYMS_VAR(name, len, syms, qualifier) \
static qualifier mrb_sym name[len] = mrb_BRACED syms
static const mrb_code mrblib_proc_iseq_20[24] = {
0x35,0x04,0x00,0x00,0x14,0x03,0x01,0x04,0x01,0x43,0x03,0x27,0x03,0x00,0x05,0x16,0x03,0x25,0x00,0x02,0x15,0x03,0x39,0x03,};
mrb_DEFINE_SYMS_VAR(mrblib_proc_lv_20, 2, (MRB_SYM(other), MRB_OPSYM(and), ), const);
static const mrb_irep mrblib_proc_irep_20 = {
3,6,0,
MRB_IREP_STATIC,mrblib_proc_iseq_20,
NULL,NULL,NULL,
mrblib_proc_lv_20,
NULL,
/* debug_info */
24,0,0,0,0
};
static const mrb_irep *mrblib_proc_reps_1[1] = {
&mrblib_proc_irep_20,
};
mrb_DEFINE_SYMS_VAR(mrblib_proc_syms_1, 1, (MRB_OPSYM(neq), ), const);
static const mrb_code mrblib_proc_iseq_1[13] = {
0x68,0x01,0x5b,0x02,0x00,0x64,0x01,0x00,0x11,0x01,0x00,0x39,0x01,};
static const mrb_irep mrblib_proc_irep_1 = {
1,3,0,
MRB_IREP_STATIC,mrblib_proc_iseq_1,
NULL,mrblib_proc_syms_1,mrblib_proc_reps_1,
NULL,
/* lv */
NULL,
/* debug_info */
13,0,1,1,0
};
// ... goes on")
![](mini-51.png "massif
$ valgrind
--tool=massif
--stacks=yes
path/to/(mruby|microrby|picoruby)
-e 'puts \"Hello World\"'
$ ms_print massif.out.xxx | less
\
\
\
\")
![](mini-55.png "massif
# (mruby|microruby|picoruby) \
# -e 'puts \"Hello World\"'
------------------------------------
mruby
MicroRuby
PicoRuby
====================================
136.1 KB
88.05 KB
10.86 KB
------------------------------------
(Note)
All the figures on 64-bit architecture with glibc
They're probably 25-35% smaller on 32-bit")
